Tom qab cov tawg hauv Lebanon, cov kws tshaj lij tam sim ntawd qhia thiab tshuaj ntsuam" tus neeg ua txhaum" ntawm qhov kev huam yuaj.
Qab lub Lebanon tawg, Tianjin Chaw nres nkoj tawg hauv 2015, thiab Xiangshui tawg thaum Lub Peb Hlis 21, 2019, muaj cov pa roj nitro. Cov kab lus no yuav qhia txog daim ntaub thaiv ntawm ammonium nitrate los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom hauv tshuaj, khoom tawg, thiab kev tshawb nrhiav thermal stability.
1. Cov qauv tshuaj ntawm Ammonium Nitrate
Lub cev nyhav ntawm ammonium nitrate ntawm 20 ° C yog 80.052 g / mol thiab qhov ceev yog 1.725 g / cm3
2. Kev faib tawm ammonium nitrate
Raws li ADR2019 lossis JT617-2018, ammonium nitrate tuaj yeem raug faib ua Hoob 1 cov khoom tawg, Hoob 5.1 oxidants lossis Class 9 lwm yam khoom txaus ntshai raws li nws cov kev nkag siab. Hauv kev faib tawm kev faib tawm ntawm ammonium nitrate, kev faib tawm science yog tau raws li UN txoj kev faib hom kev faib tawm. Cov lus hauv qab no piav qhia cov kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm ntau ammonium nitrate. Cov theem ntawm cov tsom xam txiav txim siab nyeg seb nws yog qeb 1, qeb 5.1 lossis qeb 9 cov khoom lag luam phom sij.
3. Qhov cuam tshuam cuam tshuam rau thermal stability ntawm ammonium nitrate
Ammonium nitrate yog ib qho ntawm cov chiv siv dav hauv kev lag luam thiab cov faus ntsej muag ntau tshaj plaws ntawm nitrogen chiv. Txawm li cas los xij, ammonium nitrate feem ntau cuam tshuam nrog kev kub nyhiab thiab tawg txaus ntshai dhau los. Ammonium nitrate tsis yog cov nplaim taws lossis cov khoom tawg rau hauv qab qhov kub thiab qhov siab, tab sis nws yog ib qho muaj zog oxidant, uas yuav tawg tau nyob hauv qee yam kev mob; lub thermal stability ntawm ammonium nitrate muaj feem xyuam rau qhov tawg, thiab cov khoom sib xyaw feem ntau cuam tshuam nws cov thermal stability, Tsis meej pem chaw, cua sov, ntsuas kub, keeb kwm cua sov, qauv loj, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thermodynamics, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kinetics, thiab lub luag haujlwm ntawm dej ua tshuaj lom neeg; Cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev ruaj ntseg thermal tau pom tias ammonium nitrate yog qhov ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub txog 200 ° C. Sodium sulfate yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv zoo rau kev ua kom lub zog ntawm ammonium nitrate, vim tias nws lub xub ntiag tuaj yeem txo qhov kev ua kom tsis muaj zog ntawm nitric acid, thaum cov tshuaj potassium chloride yog ib qho kev txhawb nqa vim tias nws tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov khiav tawm (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv khiav tawm). Txawm hais tias tus inhibitor sib xyaw nrog ammonium nitrate, nws yuav tsum tau muab cais tawm ntawm cov tsuj roj.
Kev siv lub cev thiab tshuaj cuam tshuam nrog cov dej tuaj yeem ua rau cuam tshuam txog hluav taws; yuav tsum ceev faj thaum xaiv hluav taws ntsig txog hluav taws. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tias cov dej ntim tsis txaus yuav ua rau ntau qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov hluav taws kub, vim tias cov dej me me tau vaporized los ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, uas ua rau muaj zog ntau ntxiv. Yog li, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau suav cov nyiaj siv rau kev tua hluav taws ua ntej kom ntseeg tau tias muaj dej txaus kom tua cov hluav taws. Ib qho ntxiv, tsis txhob khaws cia ammonium nitrate hauv qhov chaw sov lossis kaw cia, Thiab txwv qhov loj ntawm ammonium nitrate cov khoom ua kom tsis txhob cia cov cua sov thiab cov khoom ua kom sov los ntawm kev ua kom tshwm sim rau kev sib xyaw thiab tawg.
4. Lub tshuab sib txuas thiab tawg ntawm ammonium nitrate
Cov voj voog kev kawm muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev sib txuas thiab kev tawg ntawm ammonium nitrate. Thawj qhov kev tawm tsam uas feem ntau lees txais yog raws li hauv qab no:
A Ntawm 170 ° C, melted ammonium nitrate pib yauv ua ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv endothermic thiab thim rov qab:
(2) NH4NO3 ⇌ HNO3 + NH3 ∆H = 176 kJ · mol-1
B Ntawm 170 ° C thiab 280 ° C, cov kev xav tsis sib xws nram qab no tshwm sim
(3) NH4NO3 → N2O ＋ 2H2O ∆H=-59 kJ · mol-1
(4) NH4NO3 → 1 / 2N2 + TSIS MUAJ + 2H2O ∆H = -257 kJ · mol-1
(5) NH4NO3 → 3 / 4N2 + 1 / 2NO2 + 2H2O ∆H = -944 kJ · mol-1
C ammonium nitrate cov khoom siv dheev rheev, xws li ntawm 400 ° C, qhov kub ntxhov ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim:
(6) 2NH4NO3 → 2N2 ＋ O2 ＋ 4H2O ∆H=-1057 kJ · mol-1
(7) 8NH4NO3 → 5N2 + 4NO + 2NO2 + 16H2O ∆H = -600 kJ · mol-1
Qhov thib ob lees paub txog mechanism yog raws li hauv qab no. Feem ntau pom tau tias qhov kev rhuav tshem tawm yog kev cais tawm. HNO3 ua rau kev tiv thaiv oxidation tom ntej ntawm NH3; kab zauv (8) yog qhov cuam tshuam kev cuam tshuam ntawm nitric acid los tsim NO2+, thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (9) teev cov oxidation ntawm NH3 Thiab tsim N2O thiab dej
(8) 2HNO3 ⇌ NO2 {{5}} + NO3– + H2O
(9) NH3 + NO2+ = khoom (N2O, H2O)
(10) 2HNO3 ⇌ 2NO2 {{6}} H2O + ½O2
Txhawm rau piav qhia txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (8) thiab (9) kom paub meej, "acid" yog siv los sawv cev NH4 {{4}}, H3O+ lossis HNO3 nyob rau hauv dej, thiab decomposition mechanism equations (11) rau (13) tau piav qhia hauv qab no. Xav txog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv (12) vim tias qeeb qeeb ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas tau suav hais tias yog kev tswj qib;
(11) HNO3 + acid ⇌ H2ONO2+ → NO2+ + H2O
(12) NO2+ + NH3 → [NH3NO2+] *
(13) [NH3NO2 {{5}}] → NO2 + H3O+ → NO2 + H2O
Qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (12) kuj tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm cov hauv paus pib. Hauv qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 342-387 ° C, NO2+ tom qab oxidized rau NH3, raws li tau teev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv (14) txog rau (19). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv (20) yog qhov kev suav tas nrho cov kwv yees los ntawm cov kev xav no
(14) NH3 + NO2 → NH2 + HNO2
(15) NH2 {{3}} NO2 → NH + HNO2
(16) NH + NO2 → HNO + TSIS MUAJ
(17) NH2 + TSIS MUAJ 2 N2 + H2O
(18) 2HNO → N2O + H2O
(19) 2HNO2 → NO2 {{5}} H2O + TSIS MUAJ
(20) 4NH3 + 5NO2 → N2O + 2N2 + 6H2O + 3NO
Qhov thib peb qhov ntsuas kev siab yog qhov txawv me ntsis ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tau hais los saum no. Lwm txoj kev xav tias kev tsim cov ammonium nitrate intermediates thiab kev txiav txim siab ntawm ammonium nitrate, raws li tau teev nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab ke (21) ~ (25)
(21) NH4+ + NO3– = NH3 + HONO2
(22) HONO2 → HO + NO2
(23) HO + NH3 → HOH + NH2
(24) NH2 + NO2 → NH2NO2
(25) NH2NO2 → N2O + H2O
5. Kev ntsuas kev ruaj ntseg thermal ntawm ammonium nitrate pom
Pre-rhuab ammonium nitrate yuav tsum ua kom lub sijhawm sai sai thiab lub sijhawm luv dua kom ncav cuag tib qho kub; yog vim li cas yog tias thaum ammonium nitrate dheev rhaub, cov txheej txheem cua kub tau suav tias yog kev ua ntu zus, thiab lub sijhawm tos thiab tshawb hauv lub sijhawm adiabatic yog luv heev. Ua kom muaj kev nce qib ntawm tus kheej ammonium nitrate, ua kom muaj kev cuam tshuam tshwm sim sai dua, yog li yog tias qhov kub tau nce tam sim ntawd, kev ua kom ploj yog qhov tshwm sim ntau dua.
6. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm nitrogen oxides
Nitrogen oxide yog hais txog kev sib sau ua ke ntawm tsuas yog ob lub ntsiab lus xwb: nitrogen thiab oxygen. Cov pa roj ntsha nquag yog nitric oxide (TSIS MUAJ, tsis muaj xim), nitrogen dioxide (NO2, xim av liab), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrous pentoxide (N2O5), thiab lwm yam, tshwj tsis yog nitrous oxide nyob rau hauv ib txwm mob tshwj tsis yog khoom, lwm yam nitrogen oxides. yog gaseous nyob rau hauv ib txwm muaj mob. Raws li cov pa paug, cov pa oxygen (NOx) feem ntau hais txog TSIS MUAJ thiab NO2. Dhau li ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide, lwm cov nitrogen oxides tsis tshua ruaj khov. Thaum raug rau lub teeb, av noo lossis cua sov, lawv dhau los ua cov pa roj carbon dioxide thiab nitrogen, thiab cov pa roj carbon monoxide ua Nitrogen dioxide dua. Yog li no, qhov chaw nyob ib puag ncig yog raug rau ntau cov roj sib xyaw, feem ntau hu ua pa taws (roj), feem ntau yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab nitrogen dioxide, thiab nitrogen dioxide yog cov tseem ceeb. Nitrogen oxides muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj lom.
Kuj tseem muaj nitric oxide dimer (N₂O₂), nitrosyl azide (N₄O), thiab nitrogen trioxide (NO₃), tab sis feem ntau TSIS MUAJ thiab NO2, uas yog cov pa paug thoob ntiaj teb. Ntxiv rau, trinitroamine (N (NO2) 3) kuj yog ib qho khoom sib xyaw ua ke tsuas yog cov nitrogen thiab oxygen, tab sis nws tsis yog oxide hauv qhov kev nkag siab zoo.
Dinitrogen Pentoxide
Tsuas yog ua rau dinitrogen pentoxide uas yog cov khoom haum, tus so yog cov roj av. Cov qauv molecular tsis yog NOx. Ntawm lawv, dinitrogen tetroxide yog lub dimer ntawm nitrogen dioxide, uas feem ntau xyaw nrog nitrogen dioxide los ua kom muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke. Qhov sib xyaw ntawm nitric oxide thiab nitrogen dioxide, tseem hu ua nitrate (haus luam yeeb). Tus txheeb ze txheeb ze: Nitrogen monoxide ze rau huab cua, thiab nitrous oxide thiab nitrogen dioxide muaj hnyav dua huab cua. Melting point: Dinitrogen pentoxide yog 30 ℃, tas yog qis dua xoom. Txhua tus yog me ntsis soluble hauv dej, thiab cov kua aqueous yog acidic nyob rau hauv qhov sib txawv. Nitrogen oxides yog cov tshuaj tsis haum, tab sis lawv tuaj yeem pab txhawb kev sib txuas ua ke. Piv txwv li, nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen dioxide thiab nitrous oxide tuaj yeem tawg thaum pom qhov kub lossis qhov sib txuam nrog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw.
Nitric oxide yog nitrogen oxide compound, tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj NO TSIS, qhov txheeb ze molecular phaus 30.01, thiab nitrogen valence +2. Nws yog cov xim tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj ntxhiab, muaj roj lom uas yooj yim kom yaj hauv dej. Txij li thaum nitric oxide muaj radicals dawb, qhov no ua rau nws cov tshuaj lom neeg lub cev ua haujlwm heev. Thaum nws cuam tshuam nrog cov pa oxygen, nws tuaj yeem tsim cov roj corrosive-nitrogen dioxide (NO2), uas tuaj yeem siv nrog dej los ua cov kua roj nitric acid. Qhov sib luag yog: 3NO2+H2O == 2HNO3+NO. Cov yam ntxwv tsis zoo: muaj zog oxidizing. Sib cuag nrog cov nplaim taws thiab cov organic yog qhov yooj yim rau kev tua hluav taws. Ntsib kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hydrogen. Sib cuag nrog huab cua yuav tawm cov xim av daj-daj nrog cov kua qaub oxidizing zog.
Nitrous oxide (nitrous oxide), tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj N2O. Kuj tseem hu ua luag cov roj, cov xim tsis muaj roj thiab qab zib, nws yog ib qho oxidant uas tuaj yeem pab txhawb cov khoom sib txuas hauv qee yam kev mob (tib yam li cov pa oxygen, vim hais tias luag cov roj yuav decomposed rau hauv nitrogen thiab oxygen thaum muaj qhov kub) thiab me ntsis Nws muaj qhov ua kom loog thiab tuaj yeem ua rau luag. Nws qhov tshuaj loog tau nrhiav pom hauv 1799 los ntawm tus kws tshuaj Askiv hu ua Humphrey David. Cov kev kwv yees ntseeg hais tias N2O thiab CO2 lwg me me muaj cov qauv zoo sib xws (suav nrog rau cov qauv hluav taws xob), yog li lawv qhov chaw sib sau ua ke yog kab, thiab N2O yog cov txheej txheem ncov qaumteb qabteb. Tam sim no nws yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev ua yeeb yam, thiab kuj tseem tuaj yeem siv ua kev sib txuas kom pab hauv kev sib tw tsuj roj.
Nitrogen dioxide yog xim daj-liab lom roj hauv qhov kub. Hauv chav tsev kub (0 ~ 21.5 ℃), nitrogen dioxide thiab dinitrogen tetroxide yog kev sib xyaw thiab sib xyaw ua ke. Toha ພິດ thiab txob taus. Xaus nyob rau hauv cov concentric nitric acid los tsim fuming nitric acid. Yuav tuaj yeem muab cov qib sau rau coj los ua ke ntawm dinitrogen tetroxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv dej nrog tsim kom muaj nitric acid thiab nitric oxide. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog alkali los ua kom muaj nitrate. Nws tuaj yeem muaj zog tawm tsam nrog ntau cov organic. Nitrogen dioxide ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho nws. Tib neeg tsim cov khoom siv nitrogen dioxide feem ntau yog los ntawm kev tso tawm ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev sib xyaw ua kom sov siab, piv txwv li kev tsav tsheb thiab lub tso pa tso tawm. Nitrogen dioxide kuj tseem yog ib qho ua rau cov dej nag, thiab qhov kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig los ntawm nws yog ntau yam, suav nrog: cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw ntub thiab av ntawm cov nroj tsuag sib tw thiab cov kev hloov pauv, txo qis mus rau qhov pom kev, acidification thiab eutrophication ntawm dej saum npoo av (Vim yog tsis muaj oxygen vim tias muaj kev nthuav dav ntawm algae, uas muaj nplua nuj hauv cov as-ham zoo li nitrogen thiab phosphorus), thiab nce cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov co toxins ua teeb meem rau cov ntses thiab lwm yam muaj kab mob hauv dej.
7. Kev yuav khoom rau ammonium nitrate
1) Qhov siab ntawm lub tsev cia yuav tsum tsis txhob ntau tshaj ib theem ntawm lub tsev, thiab nws yuav tsum muaj qhov cua txaus. Thaum muaj hluav taws kub, nws yuav tsum muaj peev xwm ua hluav taws xob ua pa lossis tuaj yeem tso tawm kom huv
2) Lub tsev rau khoom tuaj yeem siv cua lossis txaus ua pa thaum muaj hluav taws kub,
3) Vim tias xeb thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ammonium nitrate, kom tsis txhob muaj kuab paug, vaj tse thiab vaj tse yuav tsum qhuav, thiab lub ru tsev, phab ntsa thiab cov plag tsev yuav tsum tsis txhob pom
4) Cov ntaub ntawv tsim tsev thiab ntim khoom tsim tau raws li qhov sib cais deb yuav tsum tau ua
5) Rau cov oxidants, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog tias ib chav hauv tsev hauv chav hauv av uas tuaj yeem tsim los kom tsis txhob muaj teeb ci thiab kub
6) Ua rau hauv kev txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm dej ntawm ammonium nitrate, qhov hluav taws kub nruab nrab hauv qhov chaw nruab hnub niaj hnub yog nruab nrog cov xuab zeb daj
8. Xaus lus
Ammonium nitrate, kev siv tshuaj lom neeg siv hauv kev ua liaj ua teb, nws tsis yog ib qho tawg nws tus kheej, nws yog Class 5.1 muaj zog oxidant lossis Chav Khoom muaj 9 phom sij. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev tawg yog tias nitro NO3 nws tus kheej tsis ruaj khov. Nws yog qhov yooj yim kom raug rhuab thiab sib cais hauv qab kub sib tsoo, uas ua rau cov pa nitrogen tsis ruaj khov. Thaum kawg, nitrogen oxides sib cais los tsim cov pa nitrogen thiab cov pa oxygen ruaj khov. Cov pa oxygen nws tus kheej pab txhawm rau ua kom sai thiab ua kom nrawm dua thaum cov pa tawm ntau. Yog li ntawd, txhua yam ntawm cov nitro tawg peb tau paub muaj feem xyuam nrog nitro tsis khov. Ntsib nrog kev cia khoom thiab kev tswj hwm ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw, cov kev coj ua hauv qab no yuav tsum tau ua:
1) Qhov cua, qhov ntsuas cua noo thiab pov thawj cua sov
2) Tswj tus naj npawb ntawm cov pawg thiab nruj me ntsis kev coj ua lub ntsiab cai ntawm kev sib xyaw taboo
3) Txav txhua qhov chaw ntawm kev tiv thaiv (qhib cov nplaim taws xws li kev txiav thiab polishing, lub txim taws zoo li qub, kev ua haujlwm kub, cov khoom tawg-pov thawj thiab cov khoom tawg-pov thawj hluav taws xob)
4) Tswj kev nkag mus thiab tawm ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsis sib xws
5) Tswj cov khoom ntim tag nrho, kom thawj zaug-tawm-thawj-tawm, thiab ntseeg tau tias lub sijhawm ntev tshaj plaws yog tsawg dua qhov ntsuas raws kev xav txog lub sijhawm kev nyab xeeb
6) Thauj khoom thiab thau khoom thauj khoom nruj raws li cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm, thiab sib tshooj sib xyaws thiab thau khoom thiab tawm khoom yog txwv tsis pub ua.
7) Ua haujlwm zoo hauv kev sau thiab tswj cov pob khoom puas, thiab txwv tsis pub coj mus kuaj hauv cov kab ntawv
8) Nruab nrog cov chaw tua hluav taws tsim nyog nyob rau hauv raws li cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb ntawm Chav A cov tsev khaws khoom, thiab kuaj thiab tshawb xyuas tias lub chaw tua hluav taws ib txwm muaj
9) Qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lawv cov haujlwm txhua hnub thiab kev muaj peev xwm teb ceev dua, thiab xyaum ua kev tawm thaum muaj xwm ceev
10) Ua raws li kev soj ntsuam nyob rau niaj hnub kom paub tseeb tias muaj teeb meem kho tam sim ntawd yam tsis muaj kev phom sij zais cia
